Ranian (Ořdrana/Оrдрана)
1: Phonology
Ranian uses a modified Cyrillic alphabet, with 31 characters.
The last two sounds in this chart are common digraphs.
Cyr.
|
IPA
|
Lat.
|
Cyr.
|
IPA
|
Lat.
|
Cyr.
|
IPA
|
Lat.
|
A а
|
/æ/
|
A a
|
К к
|
/k/
|
K k
|
Ф ф
|
/f/
|
F f
|
Б б
|
/b/
|
B b
|
Л л
|
/l/
|
L l
|
Х х
|
/h/
|
H h
|
В в
|
/v/
|
V v
|
М м
|
/m/
|
M m
|
Ч ч
|
/tʃ/
|
C c
|
Г г
|
/g/
|
G g
|
Н н
|
/n/
|
N n
|
Ш ш
|
/ʃ/
|
Š š
|
Д д
|
/d/
|
D d
|
О о
|
/o/
|
O o
|
ь
|
/w/
|
W w
|
Е е
|
/ɛ/
|
E e
|
П п
|
/p/
|
P p
|
ы
|
/ɥ/
|
Y y
|
Ё ё
|
/jo/
|
Jo jo
|
Р р
|
/r/ɹ/
|
R r
|
Ю ю
|
/ju/
|
Ju ju
|
Ж ж
|
/ʒ/
|
Ž ž
|
R ʀ
|
/r̝/
|
Ř ř
|
Я я
|
/jæ/
|
Ja ja
|
З з
|
/z/
|
Z z
|
С с
|
/s/
|
S s
|
Ӄ ӄ
|
/q/
|
Q q
|
И и
|
/i/
|
I i
|
Т т
|
/t/
|
T t
|
Лл лл
|
/ɬ/
|
Ll ll
|
Й й
|
/jɪ/
|
Ji ji
|
У у
|
/u/
|
U u
|
Rӄ ʀӄ
|
/ᴚ/
|
Řq řq
|
2: Noun cases and declension
2.1: Sentence order, noun cases and
plurals
2.1.1: Sentence order
The
sentence order in Ranian is Verb-Subject-Object.
2.1.2: Cases 1, 2 –
Absolutive, Dative
The
absolutive is both the subject and direct object of the sentence, while the
dative is the main indirect object of the sentence, usually the one using the
preposition “to”. For example, in the sentence “The boy gave the flower to me”,
“boy” and “flower” are absolutive, and “me” is dative.
2.1.3: Case 3 – Intransitive
The
intransitive is used as the direct object after verbs which take a preposition,
or so-called “intransitive” verbs. In practice, it often functions as a
combination between an accusative, or object case, and a second dative.
For
example, in the sentence “I ran to school”, because there is no object without
a preposition, “school” would take the intransitive.
2.1.4: Case 4 –
Interrogative
The
interrogative is used for a noun that is being inquired about, for example, in
the question “Where is the cat?”, “cat” would be interrogative. Its uses are
discussed later on in the “Prepositions” section.
2.1.5: Case 5 – Antigerundic
Not
technically a case, but the infinitive of an antigerund (verb form) of a noun.
These verbs are essential to certain expressions which have no verb of their
own.
2.1.6: Plurals
There
are two plurals – the lesser, or partitive, plural, and the greater plural. The
lesser plural indicates that only some of a larger group perform an action,
while the greater plural expresses the idea that all of the group perform an
action.
2.2: Declension of nouns &
pronouns
2.2.1: Types of declension
For
nouns, there are two types of declension – sibilant-dental and velar-labial.
The nouns which take these classes depend on their final letter – here is a
chart:
Sibilant-dental
|
Velar-labial
|
Sibilant-dental
|
Velar-labial
|
Ж
|
Г
|
Л
|
Х
|
Ш
|
К
|
З
|
Ӄ
|
Ч
|
Б
|
С
|
М
|
Т
|
В
|
Н
|
Vowel
|
Д
|
П
|
Р
|
Ф
|
2.2.2: Sibilant-dental
declension
In many of these declensions,
the vowel before the end consonant is modified – fortunately, the patterns
shown here are consistent with all nouns of that class.
Example: Ӄиж (Qiž) = Cat
Singular
|
Lesser pl.
|
Greater pl.
|
Singular
|
Lesser pl.
|
Greater pl.
|
|
ABS
|
Ӄиж
|
Ӄиж
|
Ӄит
|
Qiž
|
Qiž
|
Qit
|
DAT
|
Ӄё
|
Ӄич
|
Ӄёт
|
Qjo
|
Qic
|
Qjot
|
INTR
|
Ӄя
|
Ӄя
|
Ӄят
|
Qja
|
Qja
|
Qjat
|
INT
|
Ӄи
|
Ӄижи
|
Ӄита
|
Qi
|
Qiži
|
Qita
|
ANT
|
Ӄижй
|
Qižji
|
2.2.3: Velar-labial
declension
Example:
Янег (Janeg) = sparrow
Singular
|
Lesser pl.
|
Greater pl.
|
Singular
|
Lesser pl.
|
Greater pl.
|
|
ABS
|
Янег
|
Янгет
|
Янгеж
|
Janeg
|
Janget
|
Jangež
|
DAT
|
Янгок
|
Янгот
|
Янгож
|
Jangok
|
Jangot
|
Jangož
|
INTR
|
Янга
|
Янгат
|
Янгаж
|
Janga
|
Jangat
|
Jangaž
|
INT
|
Янги
|
Янгит
|
Янгиж
|
Jangi
|
Jangit
|
Jangiž
|
ANT
|
Янгя
|
Jangja
|
2.2.4: Declension of
pronouns
Pronouns
only exist in absolutive, dative, intransitive (always the same as dative),
interrogative and possessive forms – for the antigerundic form, the “surrogate
noun” “Гaч”, meaning “person”, is declined and comes before them to show the
appropriate feature.
Absolutive
|
Dative/Intransitive
|
Interrogative
|
Possessive
|
|
1st. person sing.
|
Гу
- Gu
|
Е
|
Ей
- Eji
|
Го
– Go
|
2nd person sing. masc.
|
Ал
- Al
|
Ла
- La
|
Лий
- Liji
|
Ало
– Alo
|
2nd/3rd person sing. fem.
|
Ан
- An
|
На
- Na
|
Лини
- Lini
|
Ано
– Ano
|
3rd person sing. masc.
|
Ам
- Am
|
Ма
- Ma
|
Ми
- Mi
|
Мо
– Mo
|
1st. person plu. inclusive
|
Гау
- Gau
|
Ге
- Ge
|
Ги
- Gi
|
Гьо
– Gwo
|
1st. person plu. exclusive
|
Гаин
- Gain
|
Гем
- Gem
|
Гй
- Gji
|
Гано
- Gano
|
2nd person plu. masc.
|
И – I
|
Ия - Ija
|
Ий - Iji
|
Иё
– Ijo
|
2nd/3rd person plu.
fem.
|
Ин - In
|
Тя - Tja
|
Ай – Aji
|
Ино
– Ino
|
3rd person plu. masc.
|
А – A
|
Тя - Tja
|
Ай - Aji
|
Аё
- Ajo
|
2.3: Inflection
& position of adjectives
2.3.1:
Position of adjectives
All
adjectives, except for numbers and colours, must come after the noun.
2.3.2: Inflection
There is no inflection for plurals, but there are
three different forms depending on the case, and two classes of verbs – vowel,
and no-vowel, depending on whether or not the word ends in a vowel.
No vowel – Яф – Jaf - White
|
Vowel – Сучо – Suco - Bright
|
|||
Cyrillic
|
Latin
|
Cyrillic
|
Latin
|
|
ABS
|
Яф
|
Jaf
|
Сучо
|
Suco
|
DAT
|
Янa
|
Jana
|
Сучa
|
Suca
|
INTR
|
Янa
|
Jana
|
Сучa
|
Suca
|
INT
|
Ян
|
Jan
|
Суч
|
Suc
|
ANT
|
Ян
|
Jan
|
Суч
|
Suc
|
2.4: Numerals
Note that numbers are never declined in their normal
form, instead they take a surrogate noun (“Габас” “number”), which comes before
the number and is declined instead. Of course, when they are simply adjectives
(as in "three cats"), this is irrelevant.
Ceʀo (Seřo)
|
0
|
Oмoи-я (Omoi-ja)
|
21
|
Я (Ja)
|
1
|
Eрoи (Eroi)
|
30
|
Oми (Omi)
|
2
|
Roи (Řoi)
|
40
|
Eр (Er)
|
3
|
Чoи (Coi)
|
50
|
Re (Ře)
|
4
|
Taи (Tai)
|
60
|
Чe (Ce)
|
5
|
Нoи (Noi)
|
70
|
Te (Te)
|
6
|
Oлoи (Oloi)
|
80
|
Нo (No)
|
7
|
Пaи (Pai)
|
90
|
Oли (Oli)
|
8
|
Мя-oмaж (Mja-omaž)
|
100
|
Пa (Pa)
|
9
|
Oмoи-oмaж (Omoi-omaž)
|
200
|
Мя (Mja)
|
10
|
Eрoимaж (Eroimazh)
|
300
|
Ми (Mi)
|
11
|
Мяюл (Mjajul)
|
1000
|
Мo (Mo)
|
12
|
Oмoиюл (Omoijul)
|
2000
|
Мoр (Mor)
|
13
|
Мян Мяюл (Myan Mjajul)
|
10000
|
Meʀ (Meř)
|
14
|
Oмoин Мяюл (Omoin Mjajul)
|
20000
|
Meч (Mec)
|
15
|
Мя-oмaж Мяюл (Mja-omaž Mjajul)
|
100000
|
Meт (Met)
|
16
|
Мeлиян (Melijan)
|
1000000
|
Meн (Men)
|
17
|
Мяюл Мeлиян (Mjajul Melijan)
|
1000000000
|
Meли (Meli)
|
18
|
||
Meп (Mep)
|
19
|
||
Oмoи (Omoi)
|
20
|
3: Verbs, adverbs and compounds
All verbs in Ranian end in either one of three stems
in the infinitive: “-ja”(“-я”), “-ji”(“-й”) and “-ju”(“-ю”). However, only six
verbs end in the “-ju” stem, and they are conjugated as “-ja” stem verbs.
3.1: Basic rules
3.1.1: Incorporated tenses
Verbs
have five tenses that are shown through suffixes:
· Present
·
Past
·
Future
·
Abnormal (for an event that was not expected to happen by the
speaker)
·
Unknown/Aorist (for an event that occurs at an unknown or
unspecified point in time)
3.1.2: Conditionals
The
conditional of each of these tenses is formed by following the object noun of
the verb with the particle “e”. Formally, the sentence order is shifted so that
the subject noun comes before the verb, but this is optional in less formal
speech.
3.1.3: In compounds
In
long compound words, verbs can only take two modifications – the first for
present, future and abnormal, and the second for past and unknown. In the lists
below, these are referred to as first-order and second-order respectively.
3.1.4: Adverbs
Adverbs,
when they occur as separate words and are not compounded, are split into three
forms – active, passive and intransitive. Active adverbs apply to verbs of
motion, intransitive apply to intransitive verbs and passive adverbs apply to
the rest. This system occurs in the same process as the adjectives, shown in
section 2.3.2 – the absolutive form is equivalent to the passive, the dative
and intransitive to the active, and the last form to the intransitive.
3.1.5: Negatives
Negatives
of verbs are shown with the particle “рa”(“ra”) before them.
3.2: “-ja” stem verbs
3.2.1: Standard conjugation
Example:
Боя – Boja – To carry (transitive)
Present
|
Past
|
Future
|
Abnormal
|
Unknown
|
|
Singular
|
Бои
(Boi)
|
Бо
(Bo)
|
Бояс
(Bojas)
|
Боь
(Bow)
|
Боыя
(Boyja)
|
Plural
|
Бол
(Bol)
|
Бо
(Bo)
|
Боян
(Bojan)
|
Боы
(Boy)
|
Боыя
(Boyja)
|
3rd person
|
Бог
(Bog)
|
Бос
(Bos)
|
Бояс
(Bojas)
|
Боь
(Bow)
|
Боьa
(Bowa)
|
3.2.2: Compounding
conjugation
1st-order:
-бoн-
2nd-order:
-бo-
3.3: “-ji” stem verbs
3.3.1: Standard conjugation
Example:
Бой – Boji – To keep, to hold (transitive)
Present
|
Past
|
Future
|
Abnormal
|
Unknown
|
|
Singular
|
Бор
(Bor)
|
Бою
(Boyu)
|
Бойс
(Bojis)
|
Боч
(Boc)
|
Богa
(Boga)
|
Plural
|
Бот
(Bot)
|
Бою
(Boyu)
|
Бойн
(Bojin)
|
Бош
(Boš)
|
Богa
(Boga)
|
3rd person
|
Бох
(Boh)
|
Бою
(Boyu)
|
Бойс
(Bojis)
|
Боч
(Boc)
|
Богю
(Bogju)
|
3.3.2: Compounding
conjugation
1st-order:
-бoт-
2nd-order:
-бoж-
3.4: Antigerundic forms
3.4.1: Patterns
As
shown in section 2.2.2, sibilant-dental nouns take the “-ji” stem in their antigerundic
infinitive and labial-velar nouns take the “-ja” stem in the antigerundic
infinitive.
3.4.2: Uses of standard
antigerundic conjugation
The
standard conjugations are used to show the predicate (“to be”) – for example, “Янги
гу” (“Jangi gu”) , literally “Sparrow I” translates to “I am a sparrow”, and “Янгол
ин” (“Jangol in”) translates to “You (pl.) are sparrows”. Other
tenses, such as the past tense, indicate the predicate in the past.
3.4.3: Other possible
conjugations
For
both “-ja” and “-ji” stems, these conjugations are identical.
“to like”
|
“to have”
|
“to know/trust”
|
“to need”
|
“to want”
|
|
Singular
|
Янгви
|
Янгoш
|
Янгoм
|
Янгил
|
Янгнoи
|
Plural
|
Янгвaк
|
Янгoд
|
Янгтaм
|
Янгил
|
Янгнa
|
3rd person
|
Янгвaк
|
Янгдoч
|
Янгeм
|
Янгил
|
Янгнoи
|
These
constructions can also be used with non-antigerundic verbs to create
expressions such as “Ӄагви гу” (“Qagvi gu”), from the verb “Ӄагя” (“Qagya”, “to
eat”), which translates to “I like to eat”.
3.5: Compounding
3.5.1: Basic rules of
compounding
If
a noun has a number of properties, or subordinate clauses, these will simply be
attached to the noun to which they belong, even if these sentences involve
verbs. The compound conjugations, discussed in Sections 3.2.2 and 3.3.2, are
used here in these words.
The
order of this system in its basic form is Verb-Object-Subject - for example “Oвлoиыяг”
translates as “the man who stole the box”, a compound of “Oвля” (“Ovlja”, “to
steal”), the verb, “иыи”(“iyi”, “box”), the object, and “aг”, a contraction of “гaч”
(“gac”), meaning “man”, and the object.
3.5.2: Complex compounds
For
more complex compounds (even though these are unlikely), the sentence order is
yet again corrupted. While the VOS system stays the same, the verbs from each
sentence are stacked on each other in order of appearance in the phrase, and
likewise with the subjects and objects of each sentence. For example, the phrase
“Oвлoкeтмoыиысигaг” (“Ovloketmoyiysigag”) translates to “the man who opened the
box and stole its contents” by combining these words in that order.
Oвля
|
Иыи
|
Кeтмя
|
Иысиг
|
Гaч
|
To
steal
|
Box
|
To
open
|
Contents
of the box
|
person
|
Theoretically
this process can be infinite.
4: Prepositions & postpositions
Edit: There is also the article "лo", which comes after an absolutive noun to show the preposition "of", and the possessed noun comes before this noun as well.
Some articles can change meaning depending on whether they come before (prepositions) or after (postpositions) the noun in question. They nearly always occur with the dative or intransitive case, but have another meaning as well with the interrogative case. These are a list of those which come before the noun, and the case applied to them, with the meaning:
Some articles can change meaning depending on whether they come before (prepositions) or after (postpositions) the noun in question. They nearly always occur with the dative or intransitive case, but have another meaning as well with the interrogative case. These are a list of those which come before the noun, and the case applied to them, with the meaning:
Prep.
|
Post.
|
Interr.
|
|
Мa (“ma”)
|
In
|
Beside
|
Where?
|
Зи (“zi”)
|
But,
except for, without
|
Why?
|
|
Eт (“et”)
|
Therefore,
because
|
Across
|
Here
|
O (“o”)
|
For
|
Over
|
Who?
|
Ни (“ni”)
|
Between
|
||
Шe (“še”)
|
Under
|
From
|
There
|
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