Hocką /ɬoʧkæ/
1: Orthography
A a
|
/ɑ/
|
I i
|
/ɨ/
|
R r
|
/ɾ/
|
Ą ą
|
/æ/
|
Į į
|
/i/
|
S s
|
/s/
|
B b
|
/b/
|
J j
|
/j/
|
T t
|
/t/
|
C c
|
/ʧ/
|
K k
|
/k/
|
U u
|
/u/
|
D d
|
/d/
|
L l
|
/l/
|
Ų ų
|
/y/
|
E e
|
/ẽ/
|
M m
|
/m/
|
V v
|
/p̪/
|
Ę ę
|
/ə̃/
|
N n
|
/n/
|
W w
|
/w/
|
F f
|
/f/
|
O o
|
/o/
|
X x
|
/x/
|
G g
|
/ɣ/
|
P p
|
/p/
|
Y y
|
/ɥ̊/
|
H h
|
/ɬ/
|
Q q
|
/ŋ/
|
Z z
|
/ʒ/
|
2: Noun
system & sentence order
2.1: Noun
hierarchy
All nouns can be sorted into high and low classes, which
determine the morphology of sentences. For example, “qul” /ŋul/ is a high-class
noun and “fąj” /fæj/ is a low-class noun.
2.2: Primary
sentences
Take, for example, the sentences:
Qul fąj coz = cat mouse fight = the cat fights a mouse
Fąj qul coz = mouse cat fight = a cat fights the mouse
These sentences have, essentially, the same syntactic
meanings, but because the verb comes afterwards, and because of the classes of
nouns, the nouns can be swapped. It also shows the cat, not the mouse,
initiates the action.
2.3: Secondary sentences
Coz qul fąj = fight cat mouse = a mouse fights the cat
Coz fąj qul = cat fight mouse = the mouse fights a cat
Here, since the verb comes first, the mouse initiated the
action, and so is the subject.
2.4: Reciprocal
sentences
If the verb comes in the middle, it shows that both parties
are equally responsible in initiating the action, or neither of them are.
2.5: Plural forms
|
Normal
|
Plural
|
High
|
Qul
|
Qulu
|
Low
|
Fąj
|
Fąja
|
3: Verb
systems
3.1: Types and
classes of verbs
There are three types of verbs:
-
Z-stem verbs
-
G-stem verbs
-
F-stem verbs
And there are two classes:
-
Transitive: Verbs where the object of the noun
takes no prepositions
-
Intransitive: Verbs where the object of the noun
takes a preposition
Verbs from each class randomly take the three endings shown
above.
3.2: Transitive z-stem
verbs
Nearly all verbs are transitive verbs, and are conjugated
only based on tense and the preposition that comes after the object noun.
|
Instrumental/None
|
Dative
|
Ablative
|
Perlative
|
Comitative
|
First locative
|
Second locative
|
Present
|
Coz
|
Cozo
|
Cozar
|
Cozol
|
Cozab
|
Cosą
|
Cozmu
|
Past
|
Cosi
|
Cozi
|
Cozai
|
Cozul
|
Cozib
|
Coso
|
Cozma
|
Near future
|
Cosa
|
Coza
|
Coze
|
Cozel
|
Cozeb
|
Cosę
|
Cozęm
|
Future
|
Cosu
|
Cozu
|
Cozau
|
Cozin
|
Cozub
|
Cosų
|
Cozim
|
3.3: Transitive
g-stem and f-stem verbs
In g-stem and f-stem verbs, the “z~s” change in verbs is
replaced with “g~w” and “f~c”.
3.4: Intransitive
verbs
With intransitive verbs, the instrumental form does not
exist – this usually shows the first locative instead.
4:
Postpositions
4.1: Genitive
postposition
The postposition (article that follows the word) “o” is used
to show possession, in a similar way to “’s” in English. It can be used with
any noun, regardless of sentence position
4.2: Locative
postpositions
|
First locative
|
Second locative
|
None
|
In
|
Over, on top of
|
“hi”
|
To the right of
|
To the left of
|
“ri”
|
Behind
|
In front of
|
“si”
|
Below
|
Beyond
|
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