Orthography
A a
|
/a/
|
I i
|
/i/
|
S s
|
/s/
|
 â
|
/aɪ/
|
K k
|
/k/
|
Ş ş
|
/ʃ/
|
B b
|
/b/
|
L l
|
/l/
|
T t
|
/t/
|
C c
|
/ʦ/
|
M m
|
/m/
|
Ŧ ŧ
|
/θ/
|
D d
|
/d/
|
N n
|
/n/
|
U u
|
/ʊ/
|
Đ đ
|
/ð/
|
O o
|
/o/
|
Û û
|
/oʊ/
|
E e
|
/ɛ/
|
Ô ô
|
/aʊ/
|
V v
|
/v/
|
F f
|
/f/
|
P p
|
/p/
|
Y y
|
/y/
|
G g
|
/g/
|
Q q
|
/ʧ/
|
Z z
|
/z/
|
H h
|
/x/
|
R r
|
/r/
|
Syntax
Sentence order is typically VSO, but this can change for
interrogatives or when vowel sounds clash – for example, “Where are you from?” –
“Mo di at’e?”, which literally translates as “are you of where?”.
Inflection of
nouns
Nouns are inflected for definiteness in three forms –
indefinite “a”, proximal “this” and distant “that”. Take, for example, the noun
“grûş”, meaning “rock”:
Sing
|
Plu
|
Sing
|
Plu
|
||
Ind
|
Grûş
|
Grûşt
|
Ind
|
A rock
|
(some) rocks
|
Pro
|
Grûşe
|
Grûşen
|
Pro
|
This rock
|
These rocks
|
Def
|
Grûşa
|
Grûşeh
|
Def
|
That rock
|
Those rocks
|
Inflection
patterns
1a
|
1b
|
2a
|
2b
|
3
|
|||||
-s,
-ş, -r, -h, -c, -q, -l, -k, -p, -f
|
-z
–m, -n
|
-t,
- ŧ,
-đ
|
-d,
-n, -v, -g, -b
|
All
vowels
|
|||||
-
|
-t
|
-
|
-d
|
-
|
-a
|
-
|
-an
|
-
|
-n
|
-e
|
-en
|
-e
|
-en
|
-
|
-an
|
-a
|
-en
|
-k
|
-gan
|
-a
|
-eh
|
-a
|
-ah
|
-i
|
-in
|
-i
|
-eh
|
-n
|
-h
|
Articles
To indicate the case of the noun, an article often precedes
the noun regardless of the definiteness or number:
1 & 3 nouns
|
2 nouns
|
|
Nom
(subject)
|
A
|
At
|
Acc
(object)
|
-
|
A
|
Dat
(“to”)
|
An
|
An
|
Gen
(“of”,”from”)
|
At
|
At
|
Ade
(“on”)
|
Am
|
Am
|
Sub
(“under”)
|
Ar
|
Ar
|
Prepositions, as always, precede these articles.
Class 1 verbs
Infinitive ending: “-ô”
Example: bidcô = to break
Present
|
Past
|
Future
perfect
|
Future
imperfect
|
Conditional
|
|
1st.
sing
|
Bidca is
|
Bidcar is
|
Lil is bidca
|
Li’s bidcô
|
Bidcal is
|
2nd.
sing
|
Bidcot di
|
Bidcetar di
|
Lil di bidcot
|
Lit di bidcô
|
Bidcol di
|
3rd.
sing
|
Bidcôt ka/vi
|
Bidcûtar ka/vi
|
Lil ka/vi bidcôt
|
Let ka/vi bidcô
|
Bidcôl ka/vi
|
1st.
plu
|
Bidcan nô
|
Bidcar nô
|
Lil nô bidcan
|
Li nô bidcô
|
Bidcanil nô
|
2nd.
plu
|
Bidcin dân
|
Bidcer dân
|
Lil dân bidcin
|
Li dân bidcô
|
Bidcinil dân
|
3rd.
plu
|
Bidcôk’in (kin)
|
Bidcor kin
|
Lil kin bidcok
|
Lek’in bidcô
|
Bidcôkil kin
|
Note: ka = he/it, vi = she
Class 2 verbs
Infinitive ending: “-â”
Example: sadnâ = to grow
Present
|
Past
|
Future
perfect
|
Future
imperfect
|
Conditional
|
|
1st.
sing
|
Sadni’s
|
Sadnir is
|
Lil is’adnt
|
Li’s sadnâ
|
Sadnail is
|
2nd.
sing
|
Sadnit di
|
Sadnatar di
|
Lil di sadnit
|
Lit di sadnâ
|
Sadnil di
|
3rd.
sing
|
Sadnet ka/vi
|
Sadnotar ka/vi
|
Lil ka/vi sadnet
|
Let ka/vi sadnâ
|
Sadnel ka/vi
|
1st.
plu
|
Sadni nô
|
Sadnotir nô
|
Lil nô sadni
|
Li nô sadnâ
|
Sadnil nô
|
2nd.
plu
|
Sadnin dân
|
Sadnotirn dân
|
Lil dân sadnin
|
Li dân sadnâ
|
Sadninil dân
|
3rd.
plu
|
Sadnek’in
|
Sadnar kin
|
Lil kin sadnek
|
Lek’in sadnâ
|
Sadnekil kin
|
Numerals
1
|
Oyn
|
11
|
Oynşodem
|
21
|
Oynşotvilne
|
2
|
Tû
|
12
|
Tûşodem
|
22
|
Tûşotvilne
|
3
|
Dri
|
13
|
Drişodem
|
30
|
Drâne
|
4
|
Keri
|
14
|
Kerşodem
|
40
|
Kerâne
|
5
|
Âni
|
15
|
Ânşodem
|
50
|
Anâne
|
6
|
Zâ
|
16
|
Zâşodem
|
60
|
Zâne
|
7
|
Zôn
|
17
|
Zônşodem
|
70
|
Zoşne
|
8
|
Alti (ôti)
|
18
|
Alşodem
|
80
|
Alâne
|
9
|
Nûdi
|
19
|
Nolşodem
|
90
|
Nolne
|
10
|
Đem
|
20
|
Tvilne
|
100
|
Kûnt
|
Adjectives &
interrogatives
All adjectives, except for those ending in “-y” are
inflected in the same way and according to the same pattern as the nouns to
which they refer. However, only adjectives pertaining to 1a, 2a, or 3 class
nouns are inflected.
The interrogatives are as follows:
-
Kes = what
-
Kem = when
-
Kû = which
-
Kô = who
-
Te = where
Dictionary of various words
-
Adi = you (object)
-
Av = her (object)
-
Bol = ball
-
Bôl = boat
-
Bôyg = mountain
-
Brâ = land, nation
-
Đân = town
-
Gavâ = to live
-
Ilrâ = to love
-
Kat = cat
-
Kelo = hello, greetings
-
Mô = to be, to have
-
Mûr = sea
-
Niz = nose
-
Nô = no/not (precedes verb)
-
Nyomô = to be named
-
Ôy (“ôyn” in plural, the only exception to the
indeclinable “y” rule) = all
-
Ôş = white
-
Şo = and
-
Vozâ = to sail
-
Yôn = year
-
Zirg = black